Explain the term 'matrix effects' in laboratory testing.

The term 'matrix effects' refers to the interference caused by other substances in a sample that can influence the accuracy and reliability of analytical results. In laboratory testing, samples may contain various components, such as proteins, salts, or other chemicals, which can alter the behavior of the target analyte during analysis. This can lead to inaccurate results, either by enhancing or suppressing the detection or measurement of the analyte of interest. Understanding and mitigating matrix effects is crucial for ensuring the validity of test outcomes, especially in complex samples like biological fluids or environmental specimens, where the mixture of substances can vary widely. Ensuring accurate results often requires employing methods such as calibration with matrix-matched standards or using various sample preparation techniques to minimize these interferences.